公司法上禁止财务资助规则研究
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财经与管理·第 09 卷·第 08 期·2025 年 08 月Research on the prohibition of financial support rules in corporate lawAdina XiabuhatiXinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830000, ChinaAbstractThe newly revised Company Law of 2023 has formally introduced a prohibition on financial assistance, marking a significant step in improving corporate governance regulations in China. The law adopts a “principle-based prohibition with exception-allowance” approach to financial assistance, which generally prohibits such activities while allowing two exceptions: employee stock ownership plans implemented by companies, and capital ratio-based exceptions approved by shareholders’ meetings or boards of directors for corporate interests. To address issues like unclear boundaries between financial assistance an
d related capital outflows, three international financial assistance detection methods can be referenced t
o establish clear identification criteria, ensuring accurate judicial recognition of such activities. When determining the validity of illegal financial assistance, it should be distinguished from share acquisition: the validity of illegal financial assistance generally should not affect the validity of share acquisition. Regarding legal liabilities for financial assistance, compensation responsibilities and exemption mechanisms for directors and related parties should be clarified, while other shareholders and creditors should be granted the right to raise objections as a remedy.Keywordsfinancial support; capital outflow; fiduciary duty; remedy of rights公司法上禁止财务资助规则研究阿迪娜·夏布哈提新疆大学,中国·新疆乌鲁木齐 830000摘要2023年新修订的《公司法》正式引入了禁止财务资助规则,对于财务资助采取了的“原则禁止+例外允许”模式。对于司法实践中,财务资助行为与相关资本流出行为之间存在的界限不清晰等问题,可以借鉴域外的三种财务资助检测方法,明确识别财务资助行为的标准,从而确保在司法实践中能准确识别财务资助行为。对于违法财务资助行为的效力,应将财务资助行为效力与取得股份行为效力区分开,即违法的财务资助行为的效力认定一般不应影响取得股份行为的效力认定。对于财务资助行为的法律责任,应明确董事等相关主体的赔偿责任和豁免制度,同时,应赋予其他股东与债权人以异议权来救济。关键词财务资助;资本流出;信义义务;权利救济【作者简介】阿迪娜·夏布哈提(1999-),女,中国新疆博乐人,硕士,从事民商法研究。1 问题的提出禁止财务资助规则作为公司治理体系中的一项重要治理机制,其规则渊源可追溯到20世纪20年代的英国公司法实践。格林尼委员会(Greene Committee)于其公司法评估报告里,率先提出了构建禁止财务资助规则的设想,这一前瞻性建议为后续立法奠定了理论基础。1928年颁布的《英国公司法》作为首部成文立法,正式确立该规则,通过明文条款禁止公司直接或间接为股份受让方提供财务支持,开创了公司法领域禁止财务资助的成文规制先河。在20世纪90年代,随着公司法在全球范围内的现代化转型,不同法域在移植该制度过程中,基于自身法治演进需求对规则内核进行了适应性重构,最终形成各具特色的制度形态。《中华人民共和国公司法》(以下简称《公司法》)第三次修订之前,关于禁止财务资助的明确规定散见于各类规范性文件中,主要集中在证监会、沪深两市交易所对上市公司及非上市公众公司层面的相关规定。禁止财务资助规则是首次引入我国《公司法》中,《公司法》第163条以“原则禁止——具体例外,一般例外,法律责任”体系构建我国的禁止财务资助规则。作为公司资本与治理体系中的一项创新规则,禁止财务资助条款在拟定起草阶段,其立法所秉持的导向、制度设定的目标、条款所涵盖的范围、可适用的例外情况以及相应的救济途径等方面都在学界存在着较多的争议。本文旨在最Research on the prohibition of financial support rules in corporate lawAdina XiabuhatiXinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830000, ChinaAbstractThe newly revised "Company Law" in 2023 formally introduced the rule prohibiting financial assistance, adopting a model of "prohibition in principle + exception allowed" for financial assistance. In judicial practice, issues such as the unclear boundaries between financial assistance and related capital outflow behaviors can be addressed by drawing on three extraterritorial financial assistance detection methods to clarify the criteria for identifying financial assistance behaviors, thereby ensuring accurate identification in judicial practice. Regarding the effectiveness of illegal financial assistance behaviors, the effectiveness of financial assistance behaviors should be distinguished from the effectiveness of share acquisition behaviors, that is, the determination of the effectiveness of illegal financial assistance behaviors should generally not affect the determination of the effectiveness of share acquisition behaviors. Regarding the legal liability of financial assistance behaviors, it is necessary to clarify the compensation liability and exemption system of directors and other relevant subjects, and at the same time, other shareholders and creditors should be granted the right to object as a remedy.Keywordsfinancial support; capital outflow; fiduciary duty; remedy of rights公司法上禁止财务资助规则研究阿迪娜·夏布哈提新疆大学,中国·新疆乌鲁木齐 830000摘要2023年新修订的《公司法》正式引入了禁止财务资助规则,对于财务资助采取了的“原则禁止+例外允许”模式。对于司法实践中,财务资助行为与相关资本流出行为之间存在的界限不清晰等问题,可以借鉴域外的三种财务资助检测方法,明确识别财务资助行为的标准,从而确保在司法实践中能准确识别财务资助行为。对于违法财务资助行为的效力,应将财务资助行为效力与取得股份行为效力区分开,即违法的财务资助行为的效力认定一般不应影响取得股份行为的效力认定。对于财务资助行为的法律责任,应明确董事等相关主体的赔偿责任和豁免制度,同时,应赋予其他股东与债权人以异议权来救济。关键词财务资助;资本流出;信义义务;权利救济
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12345/cjygl.v9i8.30828
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